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Version: 4.0.0-rc1

Dutch (nl)

In this article you will find graphemes and phonemes for Dutch Speech to Text and Keyword Spotting.

info

Each language has a specific set of graphemes and phonemes that were used to train the Speech Recognition systems. Only these sets can be used for spelling keywords or preferred phrases and defining their pronunciations.

Graphemes

These are the valid graphemes to be used for spelling.
' - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Á Ä Ç È É Ê Ë Í Î Ï Ó Ö Ú Û Ü á ä ç è é ê ë í î ï ó ö ú û ü

Phonemes

These are the valid phonemes to be used for defining pronunciations.

PhonemePossible graphemesExample wordsPhonemic representation
aa
aa
ademen
lazert
koolsla
aantal
apenstaartje
a d @ m @ n
l a z @ r t
k o l s l a
a n t A l
a p @ s t a r t j @
Aaomdat
Deborah
O m d A t
d @ b O r A
Auau
auw
ou
ouw
augustus
baukje
krakau
algauw
ouder
behou
aanbouw
Au x Y s t Y s
b Au k j @
k r a k Au
A l x Au
Au d @ r
b @ h Au
a n b Au
b1b
bb
p
bijvoorbeeld
dubbel
stropdas
b Ei v o r b e l t
d Y b @ l
s t r O b d A s
dd
dd
dekmantel
verder
dekbedden
d E k m A n t @ l
v E r d @ r
d E g b E d @
ee
ee
elastiek
ijdelheden
eender
wanneer
gedwee
e l A s t i k
Ei d @ l h e d @
e n d @ r
w A n e r
x @ d w e
Eeenkele
ballet
E N k @ l @
b a l E t
Eiei
ij
dweil
aardbei
terwijl
dichterbij
d w Ei l
a r d b Ei
t @ r w Ei l
d I x t @ r b Ei
@e
en
ezeltje
selectie
bedanken
e z @ l t j @
s @ l E k s i
b @ d a N k @
2eu
oe
ö
gebeurt
apneu
foetus
föhn
G @ b 2 r t
a p n 2
f 2 t Y s
f 2 n
ff
ff
fotograaf
zelfs
effect
f o t o G r a f
z E l f s
E f E k t
xg
ch
gierig
weinig
chemie
doch
x i r @ x
w Ei n @ x
x e m i
d O x
gg
k
glamour
bingo
beschikbaar
lobroekdok
g l E m @ r
b I N g o
b @ s x I g b a r
l o b r u g d O k
G2ggebouwd
aandachtige
G @ b Au t
a n d A x t @ G @
Zg
j
s
genie
original
journalist
yuji
visual
Z @ n i
o r i Z i n e l
Z u r n A l I s t
j u d Z i
v I Z u w @ l
hhhoewel
aangelegenheid
h u w E l
a N G @ l e G @ h Ei t
ii
ie
initiatie
taxi
iedere
aanbieden
i n i t s j a t s i
t A k s i
i d @ r @
a m b i d @
Iiinkomen
richting
I N k o m @
r I x t I N
ji
j
-
kraait
kantenmaaier
jaren
project
fantasieën
kiosken
k r a j t
k A n t @ m a j @ r
j a r @ n
p r o j E k t
f A n t a z i j @
k i j O s k @
kc
ck
k
kk
cabine
videocamera
chic
hockey
truck
kerk
aanbakken
k a b i n @
v i d e j o k a m @ r a
S i k
h O k i
t r Y k
k E r k
a m b A k @
ll
ll
lade
plaats
meewil
aantalle
l a d @
p l a t s
m e w I l
a n t A l @
mm
mm
mensen
natuurmuseum
afklemmen
m E n s @ n
n a t y r m y z e j Y m
A f k l e m @
nn
nn
neerslag
bekend
cameraman
zonnig
n e r s l A x
b @ k E n t
k a m @ r a m A n
z O n @ x
Nng
n
mededinger
koning
denken
m e d @ d I N @ r
k o n I N
d E N k @
oo
oo
opendoet
solo
oorkonde
soorten
o p @ n d u t
s o l o
o r k O n d @
s o r t @
Ooonder
aankloppen
O n d @ r
a n k l O p @
uoe
ou
u
oefenen
groepen
gedoe
bourbon
computer
u f @ n @
G r u p @ n
x @ d u
b u r b O n
k O m p j u t @ r
pp
pp
b
paniek
bepaalde
wetenschap
kloppen
doorhebt
club
p a n i k
b @ p a l d @
w e t @ s x A p
k l O p @
d o r h E p t
k l Y p
r3r
rr
raadgever
waardoor
concurrent
r a t x e v @ r
w a r d o r
k O N k y r E n t
ss
ss
c
semester
fiets
aanpassen
cinema
accepteren
s e m E s t @ r
f i t s
a n p A s @ n
s i n @ m a
A k s E p t e r @
Ssj
ti
sh
ch
sjouwen
artisjok
fiction
carwash
chocolade
S Au w @
A r t i S O k
f I k S @ n
k A r w O S
S o k o l a d @
td
t
tt
landgraaf
gebied
taak
dokter
macht
afzetten
l A n t x r a f
G @ b i t
t a k
d O k T @ r
m A x t
a f s E t @
yu
uu
universiteit
muziek
menu
uur
excuus
y n i v @ r z i t Ei t
m y z i k
m E n y
y r
E k s k y s
Yuukken
tussen
Y k @ n
t Y s @ n
9yeu
ui
euforie
therapeutisch
uitspookte
gebruik
lui
9y f o r i
t e r a p 9y t i s
9y t s p o k t @
x @ b r 9y k
l 9y
vv
f
vrijwel
gaver
twaalfde
v r Ei w E l
x a v @ r
t w a l v d @
wwwaren
duwen
w a r @ n
d y w @ n
zz
zz
s
zes
gezien
puzzel
aanpasbaar
z E s
G @ z i n
p Y z @ l
a n p A z b a r
A:4aafter
passport
A: f t @ r
p A: s p O r t
A~an
en
anciens
alençon
A~ s j E~
a l A~ s O~
9:e
eu
i
o
u
commerce
villeneuve
bird
worth
burns
k O m 9: r s
v i l @ n 9: v @
b 9: r t
w 9: r t
b 9: r n s
E~ain
en
in
américain
anciens
cousin
a m e r i k E~
A~ s j E~
k u z E~
E:ai
è
ê
ei
populair
ampère
frêle
beige
p o p y l E: r
A m p E: r
f r E: l @
b E: Z @
Jgn
n
ni
nj
ñ
campagne
newhall
cuisinier
oranje
niño
k A m p A J @
J u w h O: l
k w i z i J e
o r A J @
n i J o
O~on
ont
avignon
montluçon
a v i J O~
m O~ l y s O~
O:a
aw
o
oa
ou
hall
crawford
force
keyboard
four
h O: l
k r O: f @ r t
f O: r s
k i b O: r t
f O: r

Footnotes

  1. Due to regressive voice assimilation, voiceless consonants /p t k f s x/ can be pronounced as their voiced counterparts /b d g v z G/ when followed by a voiced consonant, and the reverse is also possible. This can occur even across word boundaries. Therefore, both voiced and voiceless variants should be included in the phonemic representation of a word if it ends with one of these consonants. For example: “arbeid A r b Ei t” and “arbeid A r b Ei d”, or “straat s t r a t” and “straat s t r a d”. This is because the final consonant may be followed by either a voiced or voiceless consonant in the next word.

  2. In some dialects, e.g., the Flanders, this is a separate phoneme, voiced velar fricative, pronounced differently from /x/. In some dialects it is only a variant of /x/ when followed by a voiced sound (see note at phoneme /b/).

  3. The phoneme /r/ covers various regional variants.

  4. The phonemes /A:, A~, 9:, E~, E:, J, O~, O:/ are present in loanwords.